Majority and minority influence: A single process, in Group Consensus and Minority Influence: Implications for Innovation. Psychol. Older generations may still be focused on century-old divisions, but younger Americans are starting to blur them. Number of studies on minority influence per decade. Mugny, G. (1982). Anyone can read what you share. In other words, the outcomes of social influence attempts aimed at effecting versus preventing social change should have reciprocal effects on the sources of social influence (Hypothesis 2, see below Agenda item 2). E. H. Witte and J. H. Davis (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum), 191210. In doing so, minorities make themselves visibly non-normative, hence, creating a social conflict. 35, 179199. I am not arguing that the Census Bureau should stop collecting this valuable data, la Frances farcical attempt to be secular and race blind. These hypotheses were tested in a program of research whose multiple studies employed the following procedure: Each study included an experimental creation of opinion-based minority and majority factions within a group. Vol. The minority influence of the manager challenges those majority-held views, and results in the questioning of dated practices. Smith, C. M., Tindale, R. S., and Dugoni, B. L. (1996). Rigidity and minority influence: The influence of the social in social influences, in Perspectives on Minority Influence. 13. eds. It is possible that we are now in the process of similarly altering our conception of whiteness again. Similarly, reactions to social influence are typically assessed once at a single point in time. Wed like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. The effects of social change within a group on membership preferences: to leave or not to leave. Moreover, a disciplinary general focus on the individual level of analysis made social change a challenging object of inquiry. A final observation regarding minority influence is that, after being successfully persuaded by a minority, people tend to forget the origins of their new views. Yet, even a cursory analysis of real life groups will show that this motive features prominently in social influence exchanges. (2011). There is likely no better contemporary example of the power of minorities to instigate social change than a growing recognition of the urgent need for the humankind to address the cause and impacts of climate change. Psychol. Soc. To what extent are people controlled by their roles in society? Differential contributions of majority and minority influence. Issues Policy Rev. In contrast, studies of interacting groups tasked with reaching a consensual decision have frequently demonstrated publicly stated, direct changes in opinions toward focal issues of minority advocacy (Paicheler and Flath, 1988; Smith et al., 1996). In his narrative histories published from 1885 to 1894, Roosevelt argued that as European immigrants were assimilated, their heritages were being absorbed into the American body, fusing Americans into a single people forged in the crucible of the frontier. R. Martin and M. Hewstone (New York: Psychology Press), 229262. Levine, J. M., and Tindale, R. S. (2015). Minority Influence on Focal and Related Attitudes: Change in Size, Attributions, and Information Processing. ^Whereas every social change originates from minorities, it does not mean that every minority invariably seeks social change. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.115.3.323, Wood, W., Pool, G. J., Leck, K., and Purvis, D. (1996). Vol. Majority versus minority influence, message processing, and attitude change: The source-context-elaboration model, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. None of the proposed models, however, has been tested empirically outside of computational simulations. Levine, J. M., and Kaarbo, J. Creative problem solving as a result of majority vs minority influence. Decision making, in Group Processes. Minority origin of change is no less true for research on social influence than any other arena. Butera, F., and Levine, J. M. Social influence can take numerous forms. The acts of claiming and developing land and defending it against the forces of nature all constituted rites of passage that transformed foreigners into Americans. c. public compliance. Turning, or rather, returning to the original observation that the raison dtre for minority influence is social change points to a promising direction. (2009). doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.71.6.1181, Keywords: minority influence, social change, social influence, majority influence, group dynamics, Citation: Prislin R (2022) Minority Influence: An Agenda for Study of Social Change. 5. Being in a minority is a social condition, often characterized by adverse outcomes, tangible and intangible alike (for review, see Prislin and Christensen, 2005a). As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Nemeth, C. J. and Wachtler, J. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.02.005, Brewer, M. B. Eur. This dynamic aspect of social influence was recognized in the early theorizing of Moscovici (1976), as well as in the subsequent consideration of minority influence in the intergroup context by Mugny (1982) that includes the power agent (typically normative majority) and the population (typically the target of both minority and majority influence). 83, 10951102. This research has also documented many contingencies for such impact, including newcomers and the existing group members idiosyncratic and shared characteristics (for reviews, see Levine and Prislin, 2013; Levine and Tindale, 2015). Over time, however, successful minoritys initial tepid reactions should increase in positivity if their newly won majority position stabilizes within the group (Hypothesis 1, see below Agenda item 1). doi: 10.1080/14792779108401862. Klandermans, B. Prislin, R., Davenport, C., Xu, Y., Moreno, R., and Honeycutt, N. (2018). Crano, W. D., and Chen, X. eds. (2001). Since majorities are often unconcerned about what minorities think about them, minority influence is thus rarely based on normative social influence. Group conversion versus group expansion as modes of change in majority and minority positions: All losses hurt but only some gains gratify. Juliet is in a committed romantic relationship with Romeo, but her parents have forbidden her to date him any longer. However, as pointed out by Levine and Tindale (2015), the overall findings suggest that in those rare circumstances when minorities do prevail, they tend do so through informational processes, by forcing a majority to question the validity of its position. Specifically, a minority faction was created by having most confederates oppose the participants stance on one or more socially important issues; conversely, a majority faction was created by having most confederates support the participants stances. Nemeth, C. J. But whilst peer pressure leads to public compliance (e.g. Refining the agenda as further theoretical developments and empirical findings outline should be relatively easy. The newly established more inclusive group standard encompasses both minorities and majorities as constitutive elements of the group, representing a gain for the former at no cost for the latter. Status, ideology, and integrative complexity on the US Supreme Court: rethinking the politics of decision making. Given the racialized nature of our political parties, it also has electoral consequences. doi: 10.1037/a0016169, Prislin, R., Limbert, W. M., and Bauer, E. (2000). Personal. In these lines of research, group-level outcomes (e.g., consensual decisions, problem solving) are of focal interest, with minority influence being one of the multitude of processes underlying such outcomes. Differential contributions of majority and minority influence. Vol. The Social Psychology of Protest. Psychol. doi: 10.1080/10463280440000071, Prislin, R., and Christensen, P. N. (2005b). Nemeth, C. J. One should never waste a good crisis. In government, lobbyists representing a minority such as a company, charity or trade body seek to influence the views of legislators by publishing research which supports the interests of that minority. His subsequent conversion theory (Moscovici, 1980) focused exclusively on cognitive processes underlying minority vs. majority influence and the resultant nature of attitudinal (not social!) 13, 4355. Soc. eds. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.68.1.5. (1998). A look at how social influence affects opinions and behavior. Bull. Is Thought That Automatic Mimicry of Others Occurs How is that private change communicated over time? This means that she is most likely to comply with which of the following requests? Yet, no amount of normative or pragmatic pressure can extinguish minorities. eds. A) public compliance B) obedience to authority C) ideomotor action D) informational social influence Correct Answer: Access For Free Review Later Nemeth and Wachtler (1974) conducted an experiment in which a group of participants (including a confederate) were asked to decide the amount of compensation that ought to be awarded to a person who had been injured. The confidence of a minority can also affect its ability to influence other members. Exam 3 - extra credit.docx - Extra credit redemption from Systematic and nonsystematic processing of majority and minority persuasive communication. reciprocal concessions (door-in-the-face). Wood, W., Lundgren, S., Ouellette, J. In contrast, and in support of hypothesis 3, change via increased tolerance for diversity within a group dramatically increased attachment and loyalty to the group among those former in the minority (minority majority) while preserving attachment and loyalty to the group among those former in the majority (majority minority) (Prislin and Filson, 2009; Shafer and Prislin, 2011) In short, recognizing that minority influence originates from a variety of motives expands the scope of influence strategies and types of social changes to be considered. When a significant number of majority members publicly acknowledge their adoption of the minority position, a new norm is created, effectively turning the initial minority into the majority and vice versa. Also, the authors own line of research on group dynamics in the aftermath of social change could be added to this minority category in that its focus on group dynamics is underrepresented in minority influence research (Prislin, 2010; Prislin et al., 2017). Elites efforts at influence are likely to be directed toward preserving, not changing, the status quo. But there also are examples of numerical, non-normative minorities who, while resisting influence from the majority, do not seek social change (e.g., Mennonites in several countries in North and South America). Consensual Action by Small Groups. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. 5 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, Minorities Effect Social Change Over Time, Winning a Competition in Influence Exerted for Various Reasons, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.911654, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States. The dynamic nature of this process is additionally evident in its competitive nature as minorities and majorities contest each other while advancing their own position. In the immediate aftermath of social change, the new majority showed little attachment to the groupa finding consistent with previous studies (Prislin et al., 2000, 2002; Prislin and Christensen, 2002, 2005b). There is no frontier anymore, but the grind of modern capitalism is just as stern a forge for fashioning American identity. Psychol. An important feature of this procedure is that participants actively experienced their social position within the interacting group. This state of affairs is unfortunate as time variable is of essence in understanding how minorities go about effecting social change. Psychol. 51, 629636. When a minority opinion is introduced, people are more 79, 385397. eds. Shared reality: Motivated connection and motivated cognition, in Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles. The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. Minority Opinion Law and Legal Definition | USLegal, Inc. (1974). Prislin, R., and Christensen, P. N. (2009). Hewstone, M., and Martin, R. (2010).
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