subjugated in most cases. So to some degree, those who would see the nuance in this passage, The development and spread of Islamic cultures - Khan Academy Image credit: Under the Abbasids, Islamic art and culture flourished. Like all other empires, the first Arab Muslim empires were built within the context of the political realities of their neighboring societies. The early advance of Islam went hand in hand with military expansion - whether it was the motivation for it is difficult to tell, although one recent book suggests that Islam certainly facilitated the growth of Muslim power. Some of the tribes decided that as their loyalty to Islam had been primarily to Muhammad himself, his death allowed them to end their allegiance to Mecca and to Islam. about in most cases worldly and spiritual motives for The tide of Arab expansion after 630 rolled through North Africa up to Ceuta in present-day Morocco. Men fought for their religion, the prospect of booty and because their friends and fellow tribesmen were also doing it. However, to sustain such a massive empire, more robust state structures were necessary, and the Umayyads began developing these structures, which were often influenced by the political structures in neighboring empires like the Byzantines and Sasanians. The early caliphate had a strong army and built garrison towns, but it did not build sophisticated administrations. ordinarily wished to dominate "rather than convert, and most conversions "to Islam were voluntary. Lindley-Highfield, M. (2008) '"Muslimization", Mission and Modernity in Morelos: the problem of a combined hotel and prayer hall for the Muslims of Mexico'. Christians and Muslims discuss the different traditions of mission, conversion and the expansion of religions worldwide. Muslims controlled parts of the western silk road and were influential on trans-Saharan trade routes. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. 10. [47][48], The spread of Islam in Africa began in the 7th to 9th century, brought to North Africa initially under the Umayyad Dynasty. [53] Later, starting from the 9th century, the Samanids, whose roots stemmed from Zoroastrian theocratic nobility, propagated Sunni Islam and Islamo-Persian culture deep into the heart of Central Asia. How Islam Spread in India - IslamiCity Trade played the biggest role of why it spread so quickly because it went to Spain, Africa, and Europe. Explains that the world was forever changed by the rise and subsequent spread of islam. And if it was a new and upstart faith, its administration by simple and honest men was preferable to the corruption and persecution that were the norm in more civilized empires George F. Nafziger, Mark W. Walton, Islam at War: A History, 2003. It is believed that Islam first arrived in these South-eastern regions by the 7th century. aren't showing on this map, those happened later on As a result, we encounter multiple different interpretations of Islam across many different Islamic societies. [citation needed], Even before Islam was established amongst Indonesian communities, Muslim sailors and traders had often visited the shores of modern Indonesia, most of these early sailors and merchants arrived from the Abbasid Caliphate's newly established ports of Basra and Debal, many of the earliest Muslim accounts of the region note the presence of animals such as orang-utans, rhinos and valuable spice trade commodities such as cloves, nutmeg, galangal and coconut. Muslim Kurdish, Persian, Turkish, Mongol, and Afghan leaders secured power in places as far apart as modern-day Turkey and modern-day northern India. Bishop Arculf, whose account of his pilgrimage to the Holy Land in the seventh century, De locis sanctis, written down by the monk Adamnan, described reasonably pleasant living conditions of Christians in Palestine in the first period of Muslim rule. [4], While there were cases such as the Sassanid army division at Hamra, that converted en masse before pivotal battles such as the Battle of al-Qdisiyyah, conversion was fastest in the urban areas where Arab forces were garrisoned slowly leading to Zoroastrianism becoming associated with rural areas. excerpts is this one. It wasnt until centuries later, at the end of the eleventh century, that Muslims made up the majority of subjects of the Islamic empires. Richard Bulliet's "conversion curve" shows a relatively low rate of conversion of non-Arab subjects during the Arab centric Umayyad period of 10%, in contrast with estimates for the more politically-multicultural Abbasid period, which saw the Muslim population grow from around 40% in the mid-9th century to close to 100% by the end of the 11th century. by local ruling families. There's few instances in history where we see this type of How did Islam come to be one of the most popular and influential religions in the world? Islam spread primarily through military conquest taking control of lands from Spain to the borders of China and India. Image credit: After the fall of the Abbasids, alternative social and political structures filled the vacuum. The first is the expansion of Islamic statesthat is, states whose ruling elite consisted Islam, Islam The religion that God set forth for Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and muammad proclaimed by the latter in Arabia in the 7th century, which enjoys the Pan-islamism, Pan-Islam Pan-Islam is the ideology that calls for the . Whether or not Islam provided the motivation for early Muslim imperialism, it could be used to provide justification for it - in the same way that it had previously been used to support Muhammad's own actions against his opponents. Look up different translations. conversion by force, "while not unknown in Muslim countries," so there was some forced conversion, but according to Lapidus The military expansions of the earlier period spread Islam in name only; it was later that Islamic culture truly spread, with people converting to Islam in large numbers. Abu Bakr died in 634 and was succeeded by Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second caliph, who ruled until 644. The 13th-century Muslim traveller Ibn Battuta noted that the great mosque of Kilwa Kisiwani was made of coral stone (the only one of its kind in the world). The number of Muslims in Africa grew from 34.5 million in 1900 to 315 million in 2000, going from roughly 20% to 40% of the total population of Africa. interesting is to think about how and why it was able Since the 1960s, many Muslims have migrated to Western Europe. 227-228. Abbasid religious authority was also wavering as a more powerful class of religious scholars at the helm of new religious institutions challenged the legitimacy of the system of caliphate. There's also worldly motives. Now what we see here in this dark brown is what was in control According to the historian Yaqut al-Hamawi, the Bszrmny (Izmaelita or Ismaili/ Nizari) denomination of the Muslims who lived in the Kingdom of Hungary in the 10th to 13th centuries, were employed as mercenaries by the kings of Hungary. Another driving force for the change of the ruling class in the region was the concept among the increasing Muslim communities of the region when ruling dynasties to attempt to forge such ties of kinship by marriage. At first only Berbers nearer the coast were involved, but by the 11th century Muslim affiliation had begun to spread far into the Sahara.[43]. at the sacred mosque." against the oppressors." At the end of the Umayyad period, less than 10% of the people in Iran, Iraq, Syria, Egypt, Tunisia and Spain were Muslim. Many different groups ruled areas previously held by the Abbasids. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Islamization Modern day (1970s to present), Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent, The History of India as told by its own Historians, Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent, "Table: Muslim Population by Country | Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project", "The Changing Global Religious Landscape", "The world's fastest-growing religion is ", "Byzantine Empire - The successors of Heraclius: Islam and the Bulgars", "Western North African Christianity: A History of the Christian Church in Western North Africa", "A Country Study: Somalia from The Library of Congress", "The Return of Religion: Currents of Resurgence, Convergence, and Divergence- The Cresset (Trinity 2009)", "Christian Number-Crunching reveals impressive growth", "Paul Stoller, "Money Has No Smell: The Africanization of New York City," Chicago: University of Chicago Press", "An Outline of the History of Persia During the Last Two Centuries (A.D. 1722-1922)", "Nothing found for The Future Of The Global Muslim Population Aspx?print=true", Online version last accessed on 1 May 1948, "Europe and Islam: Crescent Waxing, Cultures Clashing", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_Islam&oldid=1150952983. When a translation is poorly done, those whose understanding of the original sacred text are filtered through the poor translation may get the wrong idea. Direct link to Yesenia's post Where did they move the c, Posted 4 years ago. historian Ira Lapidus' book Islamic Societies to The transition between the rule of the Rashidun and the first Umayyads was full of strife. Islam spread more rapidly throughout the World than any other religion without the aid of military conquest. Sufi religious institutions were one such alternative structure. "Indeed, there is no superiority "of an Arab over a non-Arab, The sources I've seen have, by the end of the Omayyad dynasty, only about 10%-30% of the conquered people convert to Islam, but much more convert during what's often referred to as the Golden Age of Islam, when Islam is collecting the works of the ancient Greeks, and He isn't supposed to be worshipped in any way, so covering Muhammad's features really prevents action of putting any kind of physical image behind him. What's particularly surprising is how fast Islam spread shortly after that. The Muslim prisoner was brought[by whom?] Kazakhs, Uzbeks and some Muslim populations of the Russian Federation trace their Islamic roots to the Golden Horde[75] and while Berke Khan became the first Mongol monarch to officially adopt Islam and even to oppose his kinsman Hulagu Khan[75] in the defense of Jerusalem at the Battle of Ain Jalut (1263), only much later did the change became pivotal when the Mongols converted en masse[77] when a century later Uzbeg Khan (lived 12821341) converted - reportedly at the hands of the Sufi Saint Baba Tukles.[78]. There is also evidence of religious pilgrimages after 850CE to tombs of Catholic saints outside of the city of Carthage, and evidence of religious contacts with Christians of Arab Spain. the revelations from God, and the brown period is when [59] It was, however, the subsequent expansion of the Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent over the next millennia that established Islam in the region. Most conquests happened during the reign of the second caliph, Umar, who held power from 634 to 644. In other places and times, Buddhism has been the better one, or Christianity, or even "no belief at all". Direct link to roxanneg001's post Did the Arab Muslim only , Posted 3 years ago. A Christian community is recorded in 1114 in Qal'a in central Algeria. Having accepted the surrender, Omar then entered Jerusalem with Sophronius "and courteously discoursed with the patriarch concerning its religious antiquities". The early Muslims fled to the port city of Zeila in modern-day northern Somalia to seek protection from the Quraysh at the court of the Aksumite Emperor in present-day Ethiopia. it changed and strengthened arabia and brought people from many lands hope and faith. Does one religion have the monopoly on truth? [19] The latter period of that phase was marked by the Mongol invasion (particularly the Siege of Baghdad in 1258) and, after an initial period of persecution, the conversion of those conquerors to Islam. Within roughly two decades, they created a massive Arab Muslim empire spanning three continents. Missionaries and political expansion moved Islamic culture, but Islamic culture also traveled through trade. () In most cases, worldly and spiritual motives for conversion blended together. This is from Mohammed's farewell sermon. Many Christians, such as John of Damascus, held important offices at their court. The objective of the conquests was mostly of a practical nature, as fertile land and water were scarce in the Arabian Peninsula. For example, the Fatimids and Berber dynasties in North Africa were able to expand into Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Ghaznavids stretched farther into India. It also helped make the religion more likeable by others and made joining the religion easier. The spread of Islam was both a political and religious phenomenon, so sort of a combination of both - Muslim rulers gained control of these areas and some of their followers stayed with them, and some people who lived in these areas became Muslims, and Islam was also spread via trade beyond areas under Muslim control. Moreover, conversion to Islam did not necessarily imply a complete turning from an old to a totally new life. considered to be monotheistic. IV.[58]. The early Muslim conquests or early Islamic conquests ( Arabic: , romanized : al-Futt al-Islmiyya ), [4] also referred to as the Arab conquests, [5] were initiated in the 7th century by Muhammad, the main Islamic prophet. Around the 7th and 8th centuries some states of Turkic peoples existed - like the Turkic Khazar Khaganate (see Khazar-Arab Wars) and the Turkic Turgesh Khaganate, which fought against the caliphate in order to stop Arabization and Islamization in Asia. The history of Arab and Islamic rule in the Iberian peninsula is probably one of the most studied periods of European history. This process took place over several centuries. Even though Muslims recognize a global affiliation, the real heart of Muslim religious life remains outside politicsin local associations for worship, discussion, mutual aid, education, charity, and other communal activities. "[21], Only in subsequent centuries, with the development of the religious doctrine of Islam and with that the understanding of the Muslim ummah, would mass conversion take place. or peaceful resistance, and the notion of a Gandhi True, the statements surrounding victories all celebrated the incorporation of territory into Muslim domains, but the actual Ottoman focus was on taxation and making the realms productive, and a religious campaign would have disrupted that economic objective. It's often referred to idea of protected persons. In addition to conversion to Islam, the Muslim population also grew from a higher birth rate than non-Muslims as a result of the rights of Muslim men to marry four women, have numerous concubines and raise their children as Muslims.[28]. [70] There is no clear indication of when Islam first came to the region, the first Muslim gravestone markings year 1082. Why could the translation shape how one understands the dictums communicated in a sacred text? Muslims now lived within an elaborated system of ritual, doctrine and law clearly different from those of non-Muslims. Indeed, it was the later Persian Safavid and Turkish Ottoman empires, neither of which was Arab, out of which the modern Islamic world was carved. Direct link to David Alexander's post Judaism and Christianity , Posted 5 years ago. [65][66] The Mughals, already suffering a gradual decline in the early 18th century, was invaded by the Afsharid ruler Nader Shah. Religions that survived because of historical military conquests In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. J.; Heinrichs, W. P. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. They were regarded as the 'People of the Book', those who possessed a revealed scripture, or 'People of the Covenant', with whom compacts of protection had been made. Direct link to Jazlynn Valles 's post at 0:13 how did Mohammed , Posted 2 years ago. A depiction of a Mamluk training with a lance in the early 16th century. Direct link to Angel's post Im not 100% sure, however, Posted 6 years ago. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. A Pew Forum study, published in January 2011, forecast an increase of the proportion of Muslims in the European population from 6% in 2010 to 8% in 2030. those who are persecuting you. India and Pakistan. "In the Indian Ocean and West Africa, "it spread by peaceful It was bounded mostly by "a combination of natural barriers and well-organized states". Explain the causes of the expansion of Muslim rule; how and where did it expand before 1450? It was perhaps this political decentralization and destabilization that led to the spread of Islam beyond the massive Abbasid empires borders. The caliphs of Damascus (661-750) were tolerant princes who were on generally good terms with their Christian subjects. This was followed by the powerful Ghurids and Timurids who further expanded the culture of Islam and the Timurid Renaissance, reaching until Bengal. A sense of unity grew among many though not all provinces and gradually formed the consciousness of a broadly Arab-Islamic population. The remaining Muslim converts in both elected to leave "lands of unbelief" and moved to territory still under the Ottomans. Without their help, for example, Andalusia could never have been incorporated into the Islamic state. The Timurid Renaissance and the Islamic expansion in South and East Asia fostered cosmopolitan and eclectic Muslim cultures in the Indian subcontinent, Malaysia, Indonesia and China. They also were powerful entities in maritime trade in the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and Indian Ocean. As the tribal links that had so dominated Umayyad politics began to break down, the meaningfulness of tying non-Arab converts to Arab tribes as clients was diluted; moreover, the number of non-Muslims who wished to join the ummah was already becoming too large for this process to work effectively. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. They are famous for inaugurating the Islamic golden age. Umar's early campaigns were against the Byzantine Empire. Direct link to Alasal, Fendh's post how did the culture Islam, Posted 3 years ago. The Rashidun caliphate constructed a massive empire out of many swift military victories. Islam spread through military conquest, trade, pilgrimage, and missionaries. The people of the lands into which Islam expanded in those years were not without religion, but in Islam they found something that met their religious needs (which all human beings have) better than whatever they had previously believed. As Islamic ideas and cultures came into contact with new societies, they were expressed in unique ways and ultimately took on diverse forms. of this Muslim community at the time of Mohammed's death. Military campaigns continued without pause. Direct link to David Alexander's post When a translation is poo. nor of a non-Arab over an Arab, "nor or a white over a black, A caliph such as Umar seems to have regarded himself, first and foremost, as the leader of the Arabs, and their monotheistic creed as the religious component of their new political identity. If you lived in the Islamic empire, and were not Muslim, what did you have to do? [36] When the hour for his prayer came, Omar was in the Anastasis church, but refused to pray there, lest in the future Muslims should use that as an excuse to break the treaty and confiscate the church. In fact, the Eastern Orthodox Churches had a higher position in the Ottoman Empire, mainly because the Patriarch resided in Istanbul and was an officer of the Ottoman Empire. From the ninth century to the twelfth century, Islamic culture flourished and crystallized into what we now recognize as Islam. Sufism emerged early on in Islamic history, partly as a reaction against the worldliness of the early Umayyad Caliphate (661750) and mainly under the tutelage of Hasan Al-Basri. At the outset, they were hostile to conversions because new Muslims diluted the economic and status advantages of the Arabs. [64], The Mughal Empire, founded by Babur, a direct descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan, was able to conquer almost the entirety of South Asia. This really seems to be If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. We could continue this narrative, and we will continue to talk Muslim conquerors ordinarily wished to dominate rather than convert, and most conversions to Islam were voluntary. or a Martin Luther King. One of the most quoted If there's a Muslim ruling class, and if you want to be associated [79] However, during the next three centuries these Buddhist, Shamanistic and Christian Turkic and Mongol nomads of the Kazakh Steppe and Xinjiang would also convert at the hands of competing Sufi orders from both east and west of the Pamirs. These new leaders claimed legitimacy through shared lineage with the prophet Muhammad, through the prophets uncle, Abbas. Direct link to hamidkastir's post Well, the four caliphs co, Posted 2 months ago. [79] The Naqshbandis are the most prominent of these orders, especially in Kashgaria, where the western Chagatai Khan was also a disciple of the order.[79]. Direct link to sambelatur's post In what ways did the spre, Posted 4 years ago. Main articles: Arab-Byzantine Wars, Byzantine-Seljuq wars, Byzantine-Ottoman Wars. were given the choice "of conversion or death." European points of view started changing with the Protestant Reformation, which resulted in new descriptions of the period of Islamic rule in Spain as a "golden age" (mostly as a reaction against Spain's militant Roman Catholicism after 1500)[citation needed]. [45] At other times, converts were won in conjunction with the propagation efforts of rulers. Islamization of Egypt - Wikipedia Crete was conquered during the 17th century, but the Ottomans lost Hungary to the Holy Roman Empire, and other parts of Eastern Europe, which ended with the Treaty of Carlowitz in 1699. [73] A centuries later example that can be counted amongst the earliest introductions of Islam into Eastern Europe came about through the work of an early 11th-century Muslim prisoner whom the Byzantines captured during one of their wars against Muslims. For centuries after the Arab conquest, European accounts of Arab rule in Iberia were negative. Military conquest because a large amount of land was conquered by Islam military. You may have this backwards. The Rashidun can be credited for military expansion, but did Islam truly spread through their conquests? Islam spread through military conquest, trade, pilgrimage, and missionaries. During the eighth century, large parts of India were Islamized, while Muslim armies also began the occupation of Spain, portions of which remained Islamic until the end of the fifteenth century.
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