B, Hortic.LXI, 143154 (2017). J. Lucrri tiinifice Ser. This evidence showed that the traditional jujube cultivation technology system had been established at 1500 YA, and many of these processes have been used continually until the present. Wang, L. et al. Huang, J., Chen, R. & Li, X. J. Sci. Acta Hortic. Construction of a dense genetic linkage map and QTL analysis of trunk diameter in Chinese jujube. Peng, Y. It has a very low chilling requirement and is suitable for protected cultivation. Since the 1980s, various cultivation techniques focusing on high yield were developed for the leading cultivars and main production areas, which increased production by over 50%, increased the high-quality fruit rate by over 30%, and reduced pesticide use by over 50%102,103. In vitro plantlets were obtained from the stem segments of root suckers in 198398. Zhang, C., Bian, Y., Hou, S. & Li, X. Typical symptoms include witches' broom, small leaves, phyllody and dense root suckers. Later, another jujube genome and the chloroplast genome sequencing of four Ziziphus species were published15,16. Beijing Forestry University, Beijing (2016). tortuosa Hort., Z. jujuba Mill. Farm Prod. How to Transplant Jujube Suckers | Home Guides | SF Gate Biotechnol.83, 305308 (2008). Cross-breeding, the most powerful breeding method for fruit trees, has not been successfully utilized in jujube. Zhang et al. Materials and methods. & Tian, J. proposed that jujube evolved from wild sour jujube1 based on a systematic study of ancient books, ecological distributions, karyotyping, palynology, and isoenzymes as well as of the transitional types between jujube and sour jujube1. Within Z. acidojujuba Liu et Cheng, three forms were confirmed, namely, f. granulata Cheng et Liu, f. trachysperma Cheng et Liu, and f. infecunda Cheng et Liu. Several high-density genetic linkage maps have been constructed based on segregation populations of JMS2Xing16, DongzaoLinyilizao, DongzaoJinsi 4, and DongzaoYinshanhong17,90,91,92. The trees are resistant to a great number of pests. Acad. Int. Updates? Plant Physiol. Hebei Agricultural Universtiy, Baoding (2008). It only needs light pruning because of its unique self-pruning habits: fruit-bearing shoots fall off in the fall, mother-bearing shoots extend only ~1mm a year, secondary shoots die back year by year, and only the tops of the primary shoots can extend (Fig. cv. Peng, Y. Xie, W., Ding, C. & Song, Y. BMC Genom.20, 568 (2019). Jiang, H. & Liu, M. Studies on polyploid induction of Chinese jujube with colchicine. Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 2379), better known as Pliny the Elder, mentioned in his Historia Naturalis that a counselor of the Roman Emperor Octavian Augustus introduced the Chinese date (jujube) for the first time from Syria to Italy; from there it was distributed to other Mediterranean countries and around the Black Sea basin13,14. Wang, N. Study on Somatic Embryogenesis and Ploidy Germplasm Creation in Ziziphus Jujuba Mill (Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 2007). The genus Ziziphus was grouped into two sections based on geographical distribution, bearing shoot persistence, and leaf hairiness. PDF Competitive interaction in jujube tree/cotton agroforestry system in var. & Liu, M. Callus induction and plant regeneration from anther walls in Ziziphus jujuba Mill. reported that Shanxixiaozao could be stored for 70 days at 01C and 60% RH119. (6) International exchange and cooperation are still insufficient and are accompanied by severe imbalances among countries both in production and research. Univ.21, 8691 (1999). Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding (2017). using genotyping by sequencing technology. 6 Key Jujube Benefits: Dosage & Safety | The Botanical Institute Soc. B, Hortic.XLIII, 203206 (2000). Hortic. Propagation is by seeds, although the commercial varieties must be propagated vegetatively by suckers, root cuttings, or grafting. & Liu, M. Screening and evaluation of germplasms with high resistance to fruit cracking in Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Zhao, Z., Liu, M. & Tu, P. Characterization of water soluble polysaccharides from organs of Chinese Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. At the same time, traditional sparse planting systems with large crowns (row spacing and plant height above 5m) and intercropping jujubes with cereal crops (row spacing 12m) were replaced by dense dwarf planting (2m3m) and monoculture orchards. J. Agric. By the Han Dynasty (~2000 YA), jujube cultivation had spread throughout North and South China into large commercial cultivation regions and had become the main source of national taxes, with special officials regulating jujube production. An excellent new cultivar of Chinese jujube with high resistance to jujube witches broom disease Xingguang. Sci. J. Cent. A revolutionary novel cultivar could simultaneously satisfy the diverse demands of farmers, processers, marketers, and consumers. Wang et al. Identifying the genetic diversity, genetic structure and a core collection of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. The established germplasm platforms include the following: (1) Internet Information System for Perennial and Asexual Crop Germplasm Resources (http://www.ziyuanpu.net.cn/), which includes the data observed for many years at the National Jujube Repository in Taigu, Shanxi, China; (2) Chinese Crop Germplasm Resources Information Systemjujube (http://www.cgris.net/query/croplist.php), where germplasm checking and analysis can be performed; and. Compd.43, 374376 (2007). The fruits are smaller and not so sweet. Further studies indicated that GLDH and MDHAR are the crucial genes in jujube AsA synthesis and recycling, respectively27. Acta Hortic. Agr. Acta Hortic.993, 219224 (2013). Q: Are Jujube trees invasive? Zhao, Z. et al. Resour.11, 811816 (2010). This work was supported by grants from the Significant Fund of Hebei Province Natural Science Foundation (grant number C2017204114), the National Science and Technology Support Plan of China (2019YFD1001605), the National Ten Thousand Talents Plan Leadership Project, and the Beijing Municipal Education Commission (CEFF-PXM2019_014207_000099). Dongzao. f. To date, ~700 jujube cultivars and 100 sour jujube genotypes have been evaluated. We offer the two sizes in the 'Air-Pot Garden' range that are best-suited for the young jujube trees we sell. and wild jujube (Ziziphus acidojujuba). BMC Genomics18, 855 (2017). spinosa Hu), four viewpoints have been reported66, i.e., that they are the same species, that jujube is a variety of sour jujube, that sour jujube is a variety of jujube, or that they are two different species. It originates from the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, the mother river of the Chinese people. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. performed reference collection and analysis. Agrofor Syst 37:91109, Young A (1997) Agroforestry for soil management. Qi, Y. Under normal room temperature and humidity conditions, fresh jujube loses moisture quickly and loses crispness within 35 days. Effects of different treatments on storage quality of Dongzao jujube fruits during shelf-life period. & Cheng, H. Cultivation technique for direct seeding and orchard constructing of arid area jujube. 1). Agric. Liu, Y. et al. Growth model and visualization of a virtual jujube tree & Liu, M. A high-efficiency regeneration system for immature embryo of Ziziphus jujuba Dongzao at very early stage. At present, the jujube industry in China has entered a new era of transformation, upgrading, and globalization150,151. Mao, Y. et al. After the Asian Olympic Games in Beijing in 1990, dense cultivation was developed for dwarf fresh jujube, and even superdense plantings (grass orchards) with densities of up to 15,000 plants per hectare were established. These findings may partly explain the interspecific competition effects in jujube tree/wheat agroforestry systems. ) in a Paulownia and wheat intercropping system. Google Scholar, Cao FL, Kimmins JP, Wang JR (2012) Competitive interactions in ginkgo and crop species mixed agroforestry systems in Jiangsu, China. PLoS ONE10, e0134519 (2015). BMC Genomics21, 191 (2020). Sci. & Xu, J. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Some gene families involved in phytoplasma and cold stress and flower and fruit development were identified and analyzed at the genome level22,23,24,32,33,34. Third, jujube fruit can satisfactorily meet the various needs of marketers. J. Construction of a high-density genetic map of Ziziphusjujuba Mill. This paper will systematically summarize its special characteristics and comparative advantages, historical and recent research advances, and future research prospects to guide researchers and professionals working on jujubes. Shandong Agricultural University, Taian (2008). Org.121, 423433 (2015). The l-galactose pathway is the major route for jujube AsA biosynthesis, and the genes encoding the key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis pathway show high-level expression during fruit development12. Analysis of Bioactive Components and Extraction Technique of Wax in Jujube. Agrofor Syst 74:163172, Lin QY, Xing LF, Li PY, Ding XT, Duan ZA (2000) Recounting and reviewing on the scientific research literature for intercropping system of jujube and crops in China. Jujube fruit also has very positive meanings in Chinese culture, such as a sweet life, a flourishing business, fertility, harmony, and happiness. Establishment of embryo culture technical system of Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.). The rate of obtaining hybrids in jujube is usually <0.01% by the traditional crossing approach. A superfruit species for the future should simultaneously meet the diverse needs of growers, consumers, marketers, governments, and society. J Sci Food Agric 30:129135, Article In addition, the distinct trait of the bearing shoot falling in winter is related to the ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA) pathways12. Wow, I recently learned a lot about the jujube root system --- very invasive roots with suckers looking for water that can extend 30' from the tree. Han, Z., Yuan, D., Chen, W. & Chen, Y. Food Sci.37, 8385 (2012). Here, we took China as an example to briefly introduce the historical evolution and major achievements in jujube production and scientific research over the past 3000 years. Chenguang, a new tetraploid Chinese jujube cultivar. Contorted Jujube Root system - how invasive and strong is it? Coll.25, 3033 (2004). Tortuosa), f. lageniformis (Nakai) Kitag. Zhang, Z. Optimization of A High-density Genetic Map for Chinese Jujube and QTL Mapping for Several Important Traits. The density of SSRs in the jujube genome reaches 378 SSRs per Mb, which is approximately two times the density in peach and apple12. Specific reference genes for RT-qPCR of jujube were selected under a variety of conditions and sourced from different tissues/organs, fruit development stages, and biotic/abiotic stresses, providing more choices for further gene expression analysis and functional studies in jujube22,23,24,25,26. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Since the 1950s, the biological characteristics of jujube have been studied comprehensively, and a complete theoretical system had been formed by the 1990s1,101. The use of Paliurus hemsleyanus Rehd. Xue, C. et al. Planting: Dig a hole big enough to accommodate the root system. Compared with those under natural drying, the preservation rates for vitamin C, total sugar, sucrose, fructose, glucose, soluble protein, and other nutrients under artificial drying are significantly improved130,131,132. Hao, Z., Dai, L., Wang, J., Wu, X. PubMedGoogle Scholar. J. 6-year-old jujube exhibited a stronger negative effect on the productivity of wheat than did 2- or 4-year-old jujube and there was less effect on productivity of jujube in the 6-year-old system than in the 2- or 4-year-old jujube trees grown in monoculture. Trans. Zhao, Z. et al. Sin.36, 807813 (2009). in Bucureti area. Neolithic charred fruits and pits of jujube unearthed in Peiligang, Mixian County, Henan Province, China, indicate that Chinese people had begun to pick and use jujubes and domesticate jujube trees at least 7240 years ago. Shi, Y. et al. In vivo fast induction of homogeneous autopolyploids via callus in sour jujube (Ziziphus acidojujuba Cheng et Liu). (Preliminary results regarding the in vitro propagation of Chinese date (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). Hortic. Environ.11, 405409 (2013). Stnic, F. Characterization of two Romanian local biotypes of Ziziphus jujuba. & Jiang, K. Bionomics of a Polygus lucorum in jujube orchards. jujuba accessions using microsatellite markers. Sin.49, 27722791 (2016). Stnic, F., Dicianu, D. E. & Butcaru, A. C. Jujube fruits behaviour at controlled atmosphere storage. Silvae Sin.45, 4449 (2009). China Fruits2, 6470 (2015). Eng.15, 237240 (1999). spinosa. lageniformis Nakai, Z. jujuba Mill. Period. Gao, Y., Zhao, Z. Zhang, X. Metabolomic Approaches Reveal the Physiological Mechanism of China Cointree as Jujubes Stock in Resistance to Jujube Witches Broom. I planted a Contorted Jujube tree in the upper tier of a dry stacked natural stone raised bed about 2 weeks ago. - 148.251.123.50. A number of excellent accessions have been identified, including triploid genotypes such as Zanhuangdazao38, Pingguozao39, Jinglinyihaozao, Shanxitedage, Hengshuibianzhizao, Zhenhuluzao40; the mixoploid genotype Dongzao 241; the male-sterile germplasms JMS1 and JMS242; the self-fruitless and self-sterile germplasms Huizao, Jinsixiaozao 39, Yuanlingzao, and Xiangzao43; the tortuous-branch Dongzao44; the seedless germplasm Wuhexiaozao; genotypes that are highly resistant to witches broom disease such as Xingguang45,46; and genotypes that are rich in functional nutrients47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54. (5) Environmentally friendly and high-efficiency pest management integrating physical, agricultural, and biological approaches: minimizing the use of chemical pesticides and reducing chemical residues; promoting labor-saving and low-cost pest and disease control systems; and ensuring high yields, high fruit quality, and food safety. According to the authors investigation in Iran, all the jujube trees that were hundreds of years old were located at key sites on the ancient Silk Road, and Iranian scholars report that the jujube was introduced from China. Bi, J., Yu, J., Bai, S., Wang, P. & Ding, Y. Hortic.244, 372378 (2019). Acquisition of triploid germplasms by controlled hybridization between diploid and tetraploid in Chinese jujube. Root distribution and interactions in jujube tree/wheat agroforestry system. In the past 20 years, postharvest treatment technology for Chinese jujube has made great progress. In addition, other books such as Descriptors and Data Standards for Jujube Germplasm56, Test Guidelines for Distinctness, Uniformity and Stabilityjujube57, Technical Regulators for the Identification of Jujube Cultivars-SSR Marker Method provide references and technical standards for character selection, data collection, testing, and identification in jujube germplasm studies. North. J. Tarim. Discovery and identification of natural triploid ploidy of Chinese jujube cultivar Pingguozao. Jujube Tree Roots. The temperature in this period is better between 18 ~ 25 . Second, jujube fruits can satisfactorily meet the various needs of consumers. Comparative analysis of the complete chloroplast genome of four known Ziziphus species. Cui, Y. et al. 0perennial shoot system in the dormant season, 1primary shoot, 2secondary shoot, 3mother-bearing shoot, 4fruit-bearing shoot, 5inflorescence, 6young fruit, 7longitudinal section of mature fruit, 8stone and kernel, 9the diverse shapes of jujube fruits, 10photograph of fruiting jujube. Sci. Org.131, 175182 (2017). indicated that jujube was sensitive to CO2 and that fruit browning occurred quickly under the conditions of 10% CO2120. In the last 10 years, a high-efficiency hybrid breeding technology system combining male-sterile germplasm, embryo rescue, net control hybridization, and molecular identification was established. Wang, J. et al. Hortic Res 7, 119 (2020). There are two parts necessary for grafting: the rootstock, used for the root system; and the scion, the chosen cultivar or variety. Food Res. Agrofor Syst 40:215225, Chirko CP, Gold MA, Nguyen PV, Jiang JP (1996) Influence of direction and distance from trees on wheat yield and photosynthetic photon flux density (Q Sci.21, 414418 (2004). 48, Book One (Science Press, 1982). Acta Hortic. Super high-density jujube orchard in Xinjiang, China (Photo by Prof. Yanjiang Shi). Ciceoi, R., Dobrin, I., Mardare, E. S., Dicianu, E. D. & Stnic, F. Emerging pests of Ziziphus jujuba crop in. J. Hebei Agric. Xiao, J. et al. This may be due to the increase d water absorption ca pacity of the root system caused by severe . China Fruits3, 4647 (1983). spinosa Hu) and cultivate them1,2,3,4. Water and fertilizer are the two main factors which promote the rapid growth of Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) trees. Auto-tetraploids differ greatly from their diploid counterparts in their morphology, cytology, and nutrient content79. These techniques effectively solve the problem of a short supply period for open field cultivation and can increases revenues by 35 times. Liu, M. Advances in taxonomy study on the genus Ziziphus. Softwood grafting in early spring also gave success of 90%. ISSN 2052-7276 (online) Zhang, W., Rao, J., Li, K., Li, W. & Wu, Y. A new excellent early-ripening tetraploid table cultivar of Chinese jujubeHongguang. Agric Ecosyst Environ 52:129140, Vandermeer J (1989) The ecology of intercropping. Jujube Gardening For Beginners - How To Start | Gardening Tips Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Ideally, their root system wants to be kept slightly moist, but not wet. Research status of jujube processing technology at home and abroad. Growing jujube trees is not difficult as long as you have sandy, well-drained soil. Qu et al. J. Chin. during cool-storage. Cymosiflora Cheng et Liu and Ser. Self-alignment of the jujube genome sequences based on the 23,996 gene models identified 943 paralogous gene groups, indicating that the jujube genome may have undergone frequent intrachromosomal fusions and segment duplication during its evolutionary history. The contents of vitamin C, cAMP, soluble sugars, titratable acids, sucrose, glucose, and fructose were significantly higher in tetraploid Riguang fruits than in diploid Dongzao fruits79. Studies of root systems and the nutrition-use efficiency of dense, dwarfed fruit . anucleatus Y. G. Chen). & Liu, M. Genetic diversity and structure of 255 cultivars of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. lageniformis Hort. Converting dehydroascorbic acid to AsA (vitamin C) resolved the bottleneck problem in the determination of dehydroascorbic acid, and accurate determination methods for the two kinds of vitamin C in jujube were finalized141,143. Only approximately ten of them cause severe yield and quality losses, such as peach fruit moth, jujube inchworm, Ancylis sativa Liu, Tetranychus viennensis Zacher, jujube rust, jujube witches broom, and fruit cracking. The fruit is also a rich source of polysaccharides, triterpenic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, and pigments3,4,11. Wang, Y. Analysis of reducing sugars, organic acids and minerals in 15 cultivars of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Lingwuchangzao for Protected Cultivation. The third is The Illustrated Germplasm Resources of Jujube55, in which pictures and research data for 250 cultivars (57 table jujubes, 80 for dehydration, 82 for both dehydration and fresh eating, 17 for processing, and 14 ornamental varieties) were obtained from the National Chinese Jujube Repository (Taigu, Shanxi). and its wild ancestor sour jujube (Z. acidojujuba Cheng et Liu). fruits in China. Yan, X., Wang, W., Liu, M., & Zhao, Z. Jujube is a tree that produces a date-like fruit. Resour.12, 539545 (2011). Plant Syst. Using an interspecific population between Z. jujuba and Z. acidojujuba, a high-density molecular (SNP) genetic map was constructed by restriction site-associated DNA sequencing17. and Ziziphus acidojujuba Cheng et Liu as the proper scientific names for the jujube genus, the jujube and the sour jujube, respectively10,65,66,67,68,69. Agrofor Syst 69:107116. The tree can be propagated by seed or root sprout. Wild jujube (Z. lotus) and Christs thorn jujube (Z. spina-christi) are related species, though not commonly cultivated. The second is Germplasm Resources of Chinese Jujube10, which recorded 1033 accessions of jujube (Z. jujuba Mill. In vitro tetraploid induction of Ziziphus jujuba Dongzao and Z. acidojujuba (Z. spinosa Hu) with colchicine. cv. Phytopathology108, 10671077 (2018). spinosa plants from leaf explants. for jujube products to respond to the demands of different international markets and especially of large distribution channels. Evaluation on nutritious characteristics and germplasm screening of different Chinese jujube cultivars. To make glazed jujubes, halve and seed the ripe (but not dry) fruit and place in equal parts water and brown sugar (just enough to cover the fruit). The presence of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wied. In: Ashton MS, Montagnini F (eds) The silvicultural basis for agroforestry systems. & Li, X. Genome-wide identification of AP2/ERF superfamily genes and their expression during fruit ripening of Chinese jujube. Huang, J. et al. In the Book of Songs, published 3000 YA, it is clearly mentioned that jujubes were already widely cultivated in China. Acta Hortic. Yan, F. Large-scale Creation and Hereditary Variation of Hybrids in Chinese Jujube (Ziziphus Jujuba Mill.). It seems that you can pretty much . Wang, X., Shao, J., Zhang, X., Peng, S. & Wang, Y. Preliminary study on in vitro culture of shoot segment in Chinese jujube. A historic leap has been achieved from the initial stage of focusing on summarizing production experiences to a new era of innovative research throughout the whole industry chain covering breeding, cultivation, pest management, fruit storage, transportation, and processing; from morphological research to comprehensive research at the levels of the plant, organ, tissue, cell, molecule, and gene; and from the research of a few individuals to national and international research collaborations. However, propagation via tissue culture has not been used on a large scale in jujube in China because of the high technical requirements, high cost, and late fruiting of micropropagated plants. Zhang, B., Chen, J. & Huang, J. Plant Genet. Dongzao. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the relationship between root distribution and interspecific interactions between intercropped jujube tree (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) Zhang, Z., Kang, C., Zhang, S. & Li, X. Transcript analyses reveal a comprehensive role for abscisic acid in modulating fruit ripening in Chinese jujube. The roots of Jujube tree can better stretch in the new pot soil and quickly adapt to the new soil. Twenty-one jujube cultivars were recorded in the book Guangzhi written by Guo Yigong in the Jin Dynasty, 1700 YA. Moreover, fundamental, applied, developmental, and broad-scale visual research should be highly integrated. J. Wuhan. CAS Process.2, 5255 (2010). Root distribution and interactions in jujube tree/wheat agroforestry To obtain However, the Rhamnaceae family was moved to the Rosales order in the APG III Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification based on chloroplast DNA sequencing (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III, 2009), which was further confirmed by phylogenic studies on the genome-sequenced plant species using 390 shared genes64. After the beginning of the 21st century, outbreaks of pests and diseases, including Lygocoris lucorum, Euzophera batangensis, Ceratitis capitata, jujube flies, fruit cracking, and fruit shrinking, have become increasingly severe102,110,111,112,113,114. Qu, Z. et al. In this agroforestry system, the jujube trees are grown simultaneously with cotton for 180-200 days. Change of several nutrients in Jun jujube during drying process. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology (2022), Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants (2022), Horticulture Research (Hortic Res) (2) The modern and highly efficient breeding system is still not fully established, and it is difficult to meet the demands of accelerated cultivar development. High-efficiency management systems for the main diseases and pests in jujube mentioned above have been established in China3,46,103. Chen, G., Zhang, Z., Ma, J., Zhao, L. & Cao, L. Studies on postharvest physiology and storage technology of Dongzao. Anal.39, 230234 (2019). Liu, M. & Wang, Y. Zhang, L. et al. Agrofor Syst 76:513523, Rivest D, Cogliastro A, Bradley RL, Olivier A (2010) Intercropping hybrid poplar with soybean increases soil microbial biomass, mineral N supply and tree growth. To date, more than 95% of jujube production is still concentrated in China, and scientific research on jujube is also mainly carried out in China. Its utilization and cultivation history can be traced back to the Neolithic age, 7000 years ago1,2,3,4,5. The Illustrated Germplasm Resources of Chinese Jujube (China Agriculture Press, 2013). As one of the longest-cultivated fruit trees in the world, jujube has abundant germplasm resources after undergoing long periods of natural evolution and artificial selection. This technique has become a common practice in fresh jujube production. Evol.303, 413417 (2017). Combining these genetic linkage groups with the assembled genome sequences, pseudomolecules for each of the 12 chromosomes of jujube were constructed. It was revealed that jujube has very strong resistance to abiotic stress, including drought, barren soils, and saline and alkali conditions. Luo, Z. et al. Wang, J., Liu, M. & Dai, L. Advances in tissue culture of Chinese jujube. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China, W. Zhang,P. Ahanbieke,B. J. Wang&L. H. Li, Institute of Soil and Fertilizer and Agricultural Water Conservation, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi, 830091, Xinjiang, China, Agri-Environment Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, BT9 5PX, UK, You can also search for this author in However, the earliest records and evidence from Iran and Japan could only be traced back to 2000 YA, when SinoJapan exchanges became popular and Zhang Qian was sent on a diplomatic mission to west Asia and European countries during the Han Dynasty. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Li, X. Liu, P. et al. Agrofor Syst 61:221236, Gillespie AR, Jose S, Mengel DB, Hoover WL, Pope PE, Seifert JR, Biehle DJ, Stall T, Benjamin TJ (2000) Defining competition vectors in a temperate alley cropping system in the midwestern USA. Fruits67, 293296 (2012). Until now, a total of 25 triploid, tetraploid, and octoploid strains have been created, among which three excellent tetraploid strains have been released as new cultivars by the Hebei Forestry Cultivar Examination and Approval Committee75,76,77. Xu, C. et al. From the 1950s to 1980s, the first nationwide jujube germplasm investigation was carried out; a total of 700 jujube cultivars and 30 wild sour jujube genotypes were determined through synonym and homonym identification and recorded in the book China Fruit Tree Records-Jujube1. This chapter focuses on the disease management using antibiotics and resistant .
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