[23][21] It was not popular with the clergy, and the Convocation of Canterbury reacted by affirming papal supremacy, transubstantiation and the Mass as a sacrificial offering. The Church of Scotland was even more strongly Reformed, having a presbyterian polity and John Knox's liturgy, the Book of Common Order. The reforms included allowing clerics to marry and denying transubstantiation. Elizabeth's efforts led to the Religious Settlement, a legal process by which the Protestant Church of England was restored and the queen took the title of Supreme Governor of the Church of England. The Elizabethan settlement did not settle the religious debates brought by the Reformation. Most parish clergy kept their posts, but it is not clear to what degree they conformed. Anglicans started to define their Church as a via media or middle way between the religious extremes of Catholicism and Protestantism; Arminianism and Calvinism; and high church and low church. Elizabeth was a Protestant, but not a zealous one as her brother Edward VI had been. [Show more] It was intended to resolve the dispute between Catholics and Protestants. [14] He argues the modifications were most likely meant to appease domestic and foreign Lutheran Protestants who opposed the memorialist view originating from reformed Zurich. While broad and ambiguous, this provision was meant to reassure Catholics that they would have some protection. Immediately after becoming Queen, she created the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. [8] The veneration of religious images (icons, roods, statues) and relics were suppressed,[9] and iconoclasm was sanctioned by the government. [75], Catholics were forced to choose between attending Protestant services to comply with the law or refusing to attend. The Pope's authority was removed, but rather than granting the Queen the title of Supreme Head, it merely said she could adopt it herself. The Act of Supremacy 1559 This required all clergymen and government officers to . From the Puritans and Calvinists, it "inherited a contradictory impulse to assert the supremacy of scripture and preaching". 8,000 priests and less important clergy did so. Everything you need for your studies in one place. [62] Although it was not legally required, it was traditional for virtually all Protestant churches and was also used at home. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. From across the sea, an art revolution is coming. All members of the Church had to take the oath of supremacy under the Act of Supremacy if they were to keep their posts. All of the leading clergymen were Protestants and former exiles (Robert Horne, Thomas Becon, Thomas Bentham, John Jewel, Edwin Sandys, and Richard Davies), and they interpreted the injunctions in the most Protestant way possible. Rycote Chapel, OxfordshirePeter Reed (CC BY-NC) Despite these reactions, and considering the changes made and the violence witnessed in some other European countries, England had overcome a difficult and potentially dangerous hurdle, even if there would be more to come in the following decades as religious matters affected foreign policy and vice-versa. The visitation was conducted according to injunctions based on the Royal Injunctions of 1547. From the Arminians, it gained a theology of episcopacy and an appreciation for liturgy. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1565/the-elizabethan-religious-settlement/. The outbreak of Protestant radicalism during the English Civil War challenged ideas of inclusion and tolerance within the church. The Thirty-nine Articles of 1563 CE (made law in 1571 CE) were the final part of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. The traditionalist argument was very pro-Protestant. The religious settlement began to be implemented in the summer of 1559. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. [80], By 1574, Catholic recusants had organised an underground Roman Catholic Church, distinct from the Church of England. Elizabeth . [2], During Edward's reign, the Church of England preached justification by faith alone as a central teaching,[3] in contrast to the Catholic teaching that the contrite person could cooperate with God towards their salvation by performing good works. While most people conformed, a minority of recusants remained loyal Roman Catholics. Few thought this was the rubric's meaning, however. A priest found guilty of performing a mass could face the death penalty. Unlike in other Protestant states, the old Catholic structure of the Church below the sovereign was maintained with the bishops organised in a hierarchy. Those who chose not to adhere to the Church of England's rules were persecuted. This bill would have returned the Church to its position at the death of Henry VIII rather than to that when Edward VI died. Christians must not make oaths for civic duty. The Royal Injunctions of July 1559 CE set out a further 57 regulations for the Church of England to follow. Choosing to remain Catholic would surrender power to Rome and ally England with other Catholic states, such as France and Spain. Elizabeth then set about returning the Church of England to its reformed state as it had been under Edward VI or, if possible, not quite as radical. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was a collection of laws and decisions concerning religious practices introduced between 1558-63 CE by Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603 CE). They would spend more money on buying Bibles and prayer books and replacing chalices with communion cups (a chalice was designed for the priest alone whereas a communion cup was larger and to be used by the whole congregation). [27] Under this bill, the Pope's jurisdiction in England was once again abolished, and Elizabeth was to be Supreme Governor of the Church of England instead of supreme head. With bishops, however, only one agreed to take the oath and all the others had to step down. [115], Diarmaid MacCulloch states that Hooker's writings helped to create an "Anglican synthesis". [65], With the Queen's approval, Convocation also issued a second Book of Homilies with sermons on 20 topics. A French ambassador, writing in 1597 CE, confirms this view in his description of a typical English Church service: Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! He refused, so the Queen left the chapel before the consecration. Before 1574, most laymen were not made to take the Oath of Supremacy and the 12d fine for missing a service was poorly enforced. Under pressure from the Privy Council, Whitgift was forced to accept conditional subscriptions from defiant ministers. Since the Act of Uniformity 1549 which approved the first prayer book was passed in January, it is likely that the provisions of the 1549 prayer book were intended, even though Edward's second year ended several months before the book was published. Related Content [74] Other leading Marian churchmen remained in England to serve as private chaplains to Catholic nobles and gentry. Elizabethan religious settlement: the Timeline of key events. [82] Afterwards, efforts to identify recusants and force them to conform increased. [7] Christ's Real Presence in the Eucharist was no longer explained by the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation; instead, the 1552 Book of Common Prayer promoted the Reformed teaching of Christ's spiritual presence. During the 1560s, this generally proved to be the case with . When Elizabeth I became queen in 1558, England's religious situation was dire. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. It restored the 1552 version of the English Prayer Book but kept many of the familiar old practices and allowed for two interpretations of communion, one Catholic and one Protestant. There was much debate among traditionalists and zealous reformers about how this new church should look. It was a defeat for the Queen's legislative programme, so she withheld royal assent. [30], The Ornaments Rubric was added as one of the concessions to traditionalists in order to gain passage in the Lords. It included the Act of Supremacy, Act of Uniformity, a new Book of Common Prayer, and the Thirty-Nine Articles. Crime and Punishment in Industrial Britain, Advantages of North and South in Civil War, African Americans in the Revolutionary War, Civil War Military Strategies of North and South, Environmental Effects of The Columbian Exchange, Native Americans in the Revolutionary War. After his wife, Catherine of Aragon, failed to produce a male heir, Henry applied to the pope for an annulment of his marriage. Elizabeth I inherited a kingdom bitterly divided over matters of religion. Elizabeth accepted the title of Supreme Governor of the Church of England upon her ascension in 1558. Fig. The bishops were placed in the difficult position of enforcing conformity while supporting reform. It included the Act of Supremacy, Act of Uniformity, a new Book of Common Prayer, and the Thirty-Nine Articles. The Elizabethan Settlement intended to provide a compromise between Catholics and Protestants by incorporating elements of each faith into the Church of England. In November, A Second Admonition to Parliament was publishedmost likely authored by Thomas Cartwright or Christopher Goodmanwhich presented a more detailed proposal for church reform along presbyterian lines. This illustrated guide gives an overview of the context, creation and significance of the Portrait, alongside evaluation of Elizabeths legacy A wondrous decorative ornament inspired by the armillary sphere astronomical instrument. The 1549 prayer book required clergy to wear the alb, cope and chasuble. [16] The Queen's principal secretary was Sir William Cecil, a moderate Protestant. Elizabethan Church, the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion, provides ample support to this authors contention that the Elizabethan Church Settlement was not really a via media, the middle road, but one that was distinctly Protestant. ", Salvation comes from God's grace alone and not through good works. In Mary's reign, these religious policies were reversed, England was re-united with the Roman Catholic Church and Protestantism was suppressed. Most Catholics, however, were "church papists"Catholics who outwardly conformed to the established church while maintaining their Catholic faith in secret. [28], The bill included permission to receive communion in two kinds. The articles removed Catholic sacraments: Confirmation, Penance, Holy Orders, Marriage, and Last Rites or Extreme Unction. The Directory was not a liturgical book but only a set of directions and outlines for services. Now outside the established church, the different strands of the Puritan movement evolved into separate denominations: Congregationalists, Presbyterians, and Baptists. EV-Elizabeth had followed her own conscience in establishing a Protestant church of England but she has made a compromise with Catholics as she needed the support of Catholic political classes to help her run the country. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on whether geographical divisions were the biggest problem for Elizabeth I in establishing the religious settlement in England. [64][pageneeded] In 1571, Convocation finalised the Thirty-nine Articles. It was given statutory force by the Subscription Act, which required all new ministers to affirm their agreement with this confessional statement. 'The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was successfully established in the years 1558-1603. . They tried to push more Protestant-leaning reforms in 1566 but failed. [115] It was in the period after 1660 that Richard Hooker's thought became influential within the Church of England, as Anglicans tried to define themselves in ways distinct from Protestant dissenters. One thing Elizabeth did insist upon was to reinstate herself as head of the Church. [20] Nevertheless, Protestants were emboldened to practice illegal forms of worship, and a proclamation on 27 December prohibited all forms other than the Latin Mass and the English Litany. [30] It encountered more opposition in the Lords than the Supremacy Act, passing by only three votes. In response, a group of conformists including Richard Bancroft, John Bridges, Matthew Sutcliffe, Thomas Bilson, and Hadrian Saravia began defending the English Church's episcopal polity more strongly, no longer merely accepting it as convenient but asserting it as divine law. [98] Whitgift's first move against the Puritans was a requirement that all clergy subscribe to three articles, the second of which stated that the Prayer Book and Ordinal contained "nothing contrary to the word of God". Every church had to have a Bible in English available to its congregation, no further altars were to be destroyed, and pilgrimages were banned. Fig. "[108] Laudianism, however, was unpopular with both Puritans and Prayer Book Protestants, who viewed the high church innovations as undermining forms of worship they had grown attached to. The north of England remained conservative in religious matters and England's three closest neighbours (Scotland, France, and Spain) were all Catholic states. In 1539, Henry tried to walk back some of his more Lutheran-leaning reforms and make the Church of England more Catholic by reaffirming transubstantiation and celibacy for clerics. [100], In the Parliaments of 1584 and 1586, the Puritans attempted to push through legislation that would institute a presbyterian form of government for the Church of England and replace the prayer book with the service book used in Geneva. Meaning he could finally divorce Catherine! [97] The majority of conformists were part of the Reformed consensus that included the Puritans; what divided the parties were disputes over church government. [27], Another bill introduced to the same Parliament with the intent to return Protestant practices to legal dominance was the Uniformity bill, which sought to restore the 1552 prayer book as the official liturgy. The specific words were: The body of our Lord Jesus Christ which was given for thee, preserve thy body and soul unto everlasting life, and take, and eat this, in remembrance that Christ died for thee, feed on him in thine heart by faith and thanksgiving. The queen was determined to see the act enforced and sent inspectors around the parishes for that purpose. Elizabeth herself was happy enough to have such quintessential Catholic elements as candles and a crucifix in her own private chapel. [81] In 1580, the first Jesuit priests came to England. This pressure meant that the Act was passed by Parliament but only by the slightest of majorities. It is also true that many preachers simply carried on as before hoping not to be noticed by the authorities - who in some cases were sympathetic at a local level. Episcopacy was replaced with a semi-presbyterian system. Seven bishops, including Cardinal Pole, Mary's Archbishop of Canterbury, died in 1558 and needed to be replaced. [44], In the summer of 1559, the government conducted a royal visitation of the dioceses. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. Yes and no. Bacon outlined the course to reach this goal by explaining that members were not to insult each other with terms like 'heretic', 'schismatic' or 'Papist'. . John Calvin, an influential Continental reformer, had called Henry VIII's claim to supreme headship blasphemy. Discover the rich royal history of the area where Henry VIII builthis first tournament ground, Elizabeth I took daily walks in the Park, and where Charles II raced early royal yachts against his brother We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience and to help us improve our website. The Church will not prohibit oath-taking by Christians for civic purposes. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was contained in two acts - the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity. Her brief reign sought to return England's church to Catholicism and reconcile with the Pope. Wealthy church papists attended their parish church but had Mass at home or hired two chaplains, one to perform the prayer book service and the other to perform the Mass. [40] These new royal injunctions were meant to fill in the details of the settlement and were to be enforced nationwide by six groups of clerical and lay commissioners. It is more accurate to call Whitgift and those like him conformists, since the word conservative carries connotations of Catholicism. In his private chapel, he added ceremonies and formulas not authorised in the prayer book, such as burning incense. In effect, Elizabeth was declaring that she did not believe in the doctrine of transubstantiation. 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[13] At the same time, he calls the idea that the prayer book modifications were concessions to Catholics "absurd", writing that "these little verbal and visual adjustments" would never satisfy Catholic clergy and laity after the loss of "the Latin mass, monasteries, chantries, shrines, gilds and a compulsory celibate priesthood". When Parliament reconvened in April, the two issues were presented separately and considerable concessions were made. Cartwright, Mark. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement proved to be far more successful than the reforms imposed by Mary . [13][14] At certain times, the Queen made her religious preferences clear, such as on Christmas Day 1558, when before Mass she instructed Bishop Owen Oglethorpe not to elevate the host. Elizabeth's first Parliament was inaugurated on 25 January 1559. This was by no means a simple task as, in these early stages, nobody quite knew what Anglicism precisely was except that it was not Catholicism or extreme Protestantism but somewhere in-between. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. The Elizabethan Settlement did not heal the divide between Protestants and Catholics. It also deleted the Black Rubric, which in the 1552 book explained that kneeling for communion did not imply Eucharistic adoration. Its leaders were arrested and the Classical Movement disintegrated. [51], Many parishes were slow to comply with the injunctions. Why was the Elizabethan religious settlement successful? Most of the parish clergy were Catholics. [95] Under Field's leadership, the Classical Movement was active among Puritans within the Church of England throughout the 1570s and 1580s. The settlement itself was written out in two Acts of Parliament, the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity 1559. Essentially, they covered all the matters not yet set out in previous legislation and aimed to definitively establish what was meant by the English version of Protestantism, otherwise known as Anglicism. How far do you agree? This act ignited the English Reformation and established a unique form of Protestantism known as Anglicanism as the official religion. In addition to the English College at Douai, a seminary was established at Rome and two more established in Spain. The revised Act of Supremacy still abolished papal supremacy, but defined Elizabeth as Supreme Governor, rather than Supreme Head, of the church. As the queen put it, she would "open windows into no man's soul" (Woodward, 171). Elizabeth's intention was that the Religious Settlement would prove a compromise acceptable to people of all religious standpoints. The proposed settlement was roundly rejected and adulterated by the House of . "The Elizabethan Religious Settlement." The remaining bishops were all Catholics appointed during Mary's reign, and Elizabeth's advisers hoped they could be persuaded to continue serving. Declaration on the proceedings of a Conference at Westminster, March 1559 (SP12/3/52, f.163r-164v) These are extracts from a report on the conference on religion, held during the Easter recess of Queen Elizabeth's first Parliament. [34][35] Opposition to the so-called "popish wardrobe" made it impossible to enforce the rubric. Consequently, Elizabeth's reforms would have to be introduced with care. [56] Parish churches tended to have less music as Puritan influences argued against using of funds to pay for choristers. Large numbers of deans, archdeacons, cathedral canons, and academics (mostly from Oxford but also from Cambridge) lost their positions. Did the Elizabethan Settlement heal the divide between English Catholics and Protestants? There are only two sacraments: Baptism and Communion, or the Lord's Supper. With your support millions of people learn about history entirely for free, every month. It was also a concession to the Queen's Protestant supporters who objected to "supreme head" on theological grounds and who had concerns about a female leading the Church. In addition, the liturgy remained "more elaborate and more reminiscent of older liturgical forms" and "took no account of developments in Protestant thinking after the early 1550s". Failure to attend service resulted in a small fine (which was then given to the poor). In October 1559, she ordered that a crucifix and candlesticks be placed on the communion table in the Chapel Royal. Taxes that had been paid to Rome were, as before Mary's reign, redirected to the English government. Examples of permissible music included metrical psalms and liturgical texts such as the Te Deum. Made Elizabeth I Supreme Governor of the Church. In 1581, a new law made it treason to be absolved from schism and reconciled with Rome and the fine for recusancy was increased to 20 per month (50 times an artisan's wage). What year were the Acts of Uniformity and Supremacy passed? https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1565/the-elizabethan-religious-settlement/. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. and more. Edward died at age seventeen in 1533, and England's official religion suffered dramatic changes again. 5 Etching of Elizabeth I in Parliament. Most people in Elizabethan England were Catholic, but the majority of the government was Protestant. Also, like Elizabeth, Parker was a Nicodemitesomeone who stayed in England during Mary's reign and outwardly conformed to Catholicism. We care about our planet! [85] In England, however, Protestants were forced to operate within a church structure unchanged since medieval times with the same threefold orders of bishop, priest and deacon along with church courts that continued to use medieval canon law.
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