Jim had contact withAngela Davis, and all these people who were my heroes and heroines. To separate herself from her kids, she had to have been so afraid in order to do that, says Howard. (AP Photo), Stack of U.S. passports that belonged to members of the Peoples Temple cult, who participated in a mass suicide, Jonestown, Guyana on Nov. 18, 1978. If you tell us we have to give our lives now, we're readyI'm pretty sure all the rest of the sisters and brothers are with me." The attack killed Ryan and four others. It took a few weeks for authorities to arrange transportation home for the survivors, who were scheduled to beinterrogated by the FBIwhen they got back to the United States. [I] did a lot of kicking around, focusing on the gurus who were big back then, looking for a teacher or a master, he says, though they all left him cold. When he encountered Jim Jones and the Peoples Temple, he felt something different. Body at left on the steps of the building is believed to be that of cult leader Jim Jones and that of the woman lying face up in dark slacks in foreground believed to be Jones wife. The finger is pointed at you, that you are in some way responsible for something terrible.. In the early 1970s, Jones opened a new headquarters for the temple in San Francisco. Desperate for communal life again, Kohl, who was not a drug user, checked into Synanon, a Santa Monica-based rehab centre that later, somewhat controversially, became the Church of Synanon. The thing that followed all of us survivors is that Jim died. Weve lived, weve lived as no other people have lived and loved, weve had as much of this world as youre going to get. Benefits are unsurprising. Others wrote letters on Larrys behalf as well, but they were also ignored. So, I had to figure out what the fuck happened on my watch. The myth was that Jim Jones had taken a trunk of money and was hiding somewhere in Russia, says Howard. Behind them sat defector Dale Parks and his younger sister. Layton did so. someone yelled, but Patty Parks didn't move fast enough; a bullet caught the back of her head and her brain landed on the seat beside her. The U.S. trial was confined to the question of whether he plotted to kill Ryan and U.S. diplomat Richard Dwyer. And Jonestown was a place where Carter, the Temples public relations head, could raise his son far from what he considered an oppressive and racist U.S. system. Until 9/11, it was the largest loss of American citizens in a single incident. Ten years later the road came to a dead end in the jungles of Guyana. He went, and pursued the destiny that brought him to trial in San Francisco. I was also involved in a campaign asking President Clinton to invoke his clemency powers and release Larry during Clintons final days in the White House. Its a lesson Ive carried with me since Aunt Pearl died, Howard says. He attended Berkeley High School and was the editor of a campus newspaper called The Liberal. "So my opinion is that we be kind to children and be kind to seniors and take the potion like they used to take in ancient Greece, and step over quietly, because we are not committing suicide. Since they were all part of the same conspiracy, the government concluded, they were all equally guilty for the acts of the other members of the conspiracy. Sadie went to visit once, but couldnt bring herself to get out of the car. Carter would experience similar difficulty finding acceptance. I always ask, Whats the thing that stuck out to you the most about us? he says. He stepped onto the small stage at the front and sat in his light-green chair, then reached over to turn on a cassette recorder resting on the table beside him. Layton spent approximately 18 years in either the Georgetown Gaol in Guyana or U.S. federal prisons before his release in April 2002. Poisoned parents, weeping, carried their poisoned daughters and sons into the muddy field, cradling them as best they could, as their children began to convulse and froth at the mouth. There, the church continued to gain members, especially among refugees of the counterculture and black Americans. His words were roundly applauded. After clicking off the recorder, he descended from his throne and pulled stragglers toward the vat. She walked out of the pavilion and sat down in the adjacent field, rocking her baby. The reporters continued to argue while the remaining. Nonetheless, he passed the entrance exam. Nevertheless, Carter made a good enough impression on the agencys owner, who decided to hire him on full-time. Larry Layton's Post Larry Layton reposted this Report this post Report Report. The Judges overseeing this case are NEWTON, CYNTHIA J and ALLAN, LINDA R. The case status is Not Classified By Court. I was shocked and saddened when the second jury found Larry guilty. The first to drink the lethal tonic were Ruletta Paul and her one-year-old son, Robert. I fell in love with the Peoples Temple from the minute I walked in in 1970, Kohl tells me. Again, Larry was held in jail while he awaited trial. According to several reports, it was the same 'incredible man' who forced Carolyn and Larry to divorce just two years into their marriage in 1969. Larry was released from custody in April 2002, after 18 long years in prison. Her mind was gone, Howard says. It was this theory which is so legally and factually attenuated as to be almost vapor and unworthy of support upon which the guilt of Larry Layton was based. That was kind of a recurring thing with melike, Okay hes gay. I mean, I was hated. "Die with a degree of dignity," Jones chided them. My first day, the head of the department turned her desk around to face the wall because she was sure the cultists were going to come in and slaughter everybody, Carter says. ", An elderly woman wearing cat's-eye glasses walked over to the reporters. Hundreds of people streamed up the wooden pathways from the cottages and dormitories to the brightly lit meeting space. Its been a long, long journey, and I had to go so deep within myself to heal. A line of guards with crossbows circled the pavilion, and beyond them, a ring of men holding guns. Even today, ex-members continue to face suspicion, Fielding McGehee, who himself lost several relatives at Jonestown, tells me. After the Jonestown massacres, Deborah Layton worked as an assistant on the trading floor of an investment banking firm. Bullets had perforated Gosneys diaphragm and stomach, destroyed his spleen, and collapsed a lung. I was one of Larrys lead lawyers in his first U.S. trial in 1981, which resulted in an 11 to 1 vote for acquittal on faulty charges of conspiracy to kill the congressman. Harris asked. The first body I saw, the guy had been injected in the temple. Larry Layton was convicted in 1986 by a federal jury in San Francisco of conspiring in the 1978 murder of California congressman Leo Ryan and aiding and abetting in the attempted murder of Richard Dwyer, a U.S. diplomat wounded in the attack. (AP Photo), The scene at Peoples Temple, Jonestown, Guyana, after mass suicide by cult led by Jim Jones on Nov. 18, 1978. The hounding continued. Larry was released from Guyana into the custody of U.S. marshals, who escorted him to San Francisco. Justin Rohrlich is an Emmy Award-winning journalist. Good Entry level salary. They're not crying from pain. Life was never an option. People say, Why didnt anyone try to get away? If you had asked people, Do you want to die right now for Jim Jones? I guaran-fuckin-tee you wouldnt have had 918 dead.Prior to joining the Peoples Temple, Carter spent three years with the U.S. Marine Corps in Vietnam. If you choose to leave, at least you feel like you have some control over your life, that you are mastering the situation, says Marc Galanter, a professor of psychiatry at the New York University School of Medicine and author of the bookCults: Faith, Healing and Coercion. She married and had a daughter, and later divorced. Most likely, he was high; his autopsy report would reveal long-time barbiturate abuse. ", "We will win," Jones responded. State officials, the story said, had enlisted the help of Jonestown survivors in identifying them and tracking down relatives. Almost immediately, Jones ordered Layton to Jonestown. Mothers were instructed to bring their babies forward. Tim Carter can relate, telling me hes heard a variation of the same thing after almost every interview hes done about Jonestown over the past three decades. He was 30 years old, and aside from his stint in the military, his only work experience was with the Temple, which he duly included on his rsum. What can I do about liars? (AP Photo/Ray Stubblebine), Bottle of poison and a syringe which belonged to members of the Peoples Temple cult, who participated in a mass suicide at Jonestown, Guyana on Nov. 18, 1978. Nov 2012 - Jun 20141 year 8 months. She loved so hard, shes so much more deserving than 71-E. Theres a person behind that number.. (Photo: David Hume Kennerly/Getty Images), The mass suicide of the religious cult, The Peoples Temple, led by Jim Jones, Nov. 18, 1978, Jonestown, Guyana. He wanted the community to appear relaxed. At the beginning of the Death Tape, you can hear the chatter of little children; a few minutes later, it turns to crying. Jones watched the altercation as if he were in a trance and afterward said, to nobody in particular, "I wish I had been killed.". They have also lived in La Quinta, CA. Within months, he says, he was subjected to food and sleep deprivation, social isolation, and mental and physical abuse. Don Harris took advantage of the lag to interview Ryan about the attack. Born and raised in Washington, D.C., she had worked with the Black Panthers and been tear-gassed in an anti-Vietnam War demonstration before graduating from college. First summary of Kaituma events indicate defectors didnt trust Layton, Reporter Ron Javers describes Layton role in Port Kaituma shooting, Temple defector Phil Kerns describes Layton as psycho, Jones hit man, Temple defector Ruth Kerns states Layton gave them firearms training, Layton among four survivors detained in Georgetown jail, State Situation Report 13 notes that Layton will be arraigned, Death record for Lisa Layton lists Larry Layton as next-of-kin, Guyana immigration records includes name of Laurence Layton, Airstrip survivors claim Layton was not defector, used concealed weapon, State Situation Report 14 notes that Layton has been arrested and charged, Layton charged with murder and remanded to prison, State Department briefing of 11/22 notes Layton arrest, possible extradition to US, Layton charged with murder of Ryan and intent to murder three others, Temple defector Joyce Shaw lists Layton as among Temples enforcers, State Situation Report 21 notes that Layton trial date set for January 15, 1979, FBI reports no criminal record for Chuck Beikman and Larry Layton, SF & St. Louis FBI tasked with investigating Layton and Beikman, Lionel Luckhoo declines to take Layton criminal case, Laytons father asks if relatives can visit, Weapon used by Layton with police in Georgetown, Mark Lane describes Laytons departure with Ryans party on November 18, Airstrip survivor Carol Houston Boyd describes Laytons actions, Dwyer report on CODEL attack discusses Laytons role, Reporter Tim Reiterman describes Laytons actions on Kaituma airstrip, Investigation of Layton will include interviews with father, brother, Unidentified former member says Layton among Angels tasked as hit men, NBC producer Bob Flick claims Layton insisted in being on single-engine plane, Edith Parks claims Layton killed Ryan and others, List of survivors includes Layton as one of two arrestees, New Jersey psychiatrist reports airstrip survivors claim Layton was plant, Richard Clark claims Layton was on silent weapons squad, Unnamed former member says Layton was on inner-core council, Survivor Beatrice Orsot Grubbs describes Layton as weird and too quiet, Layton to be permitted visits from family, Interview with Vern Gosney, wounded by Layton, Airstrip survivor Beverly Oliver describes Laytons actions, Airstrip survivor Bob Flick describes Laytons actions, Dale Parks called as witness in Layton preliminary hearing, Harold Cordell testifies at Layton inquest, FBI Report includes statements on Layton by Temple survivors in Georgetown, FBI interviews with 12 Temple members include several descriptions of Laytons action, Former member Jeannette Kerns says Layton was on PT Security Force, Juanita Bogue testifies in Layton inquiry, Neville Annibourne testifies in Layton inquiry, Detailed descriptive data furnished for Layton, Several witnesses testify in Layton inquiry, Sherwin Harris identifies Layton among those who are dangerous and bear watching, Reporter Ron Javers describes Laytons actions on Kaituma airstrip, James Bogue refers to Layton as one of Jones undercover guys, Interview with Monica Bagby, wounded by Layton, Brenda Parks describes actions of Layton on plane at Kaituma airstrip, Jerry Parks describes Laytons actions on Kaituma airstrip, Dale Parks describes actions of Layton on plane at Kaituma airstrip, Edith Bogue describes actions of Layton on plane at Kaituma airstrip, Tracy Parks describes Layton firing gun inside plane at Kaituma airstrip, Question on visiting Larry Layton in prison, Georgetown prison policies on contacts with prisoners, Question on visits to prisoners in Guyana, Report compiles interviews with survivors of Port Kaituma, Layton shootings, Layton charged with violation of Congressional Assassination Stature, GOG imposes guidelines, restrictions on FBI interviewing survivors, Embassy works on guidelines for visiting Layton, Layton family sets up account for Larry in jail, Review of NBC footage includes several shots of Layton, FBI narrative of Port Kaituma airstrip attack sent to Guyana police, Dr. Layton responds to sons questions from Georgetown jail, Dr. Layton forwards money to son in Georgetown jail, Embassy answers to committees questions include Laytons gun, McKay urges judge in Layton trial to recuse self, Charges dismissed against Layton in Guyana, Grand jury indicts Layton with assassination and conspiracy, Grand jury lists unindicted co-conspirators, all dead in Guyana, Date for second preliminary inquiry for Layton not yet scheduled, Layton attorney in US asks for assistance, Refusal of witnesses to return to Guyana threatens Layton trial, Guyana government open to idea of deporting Layton for prosecution in US, FBI reports on grand Jury, talks with GOG, Alleged US-Guyana prisoner exchange may include Layton, No Date Fixed Yet for New Preliminary Inquiry in Layton Case, FBI outlines summary of evidence against Layton for GOG, Embassy to allow events run their course in Layton trial in Guyana, Odell Rhodes report Jones claim that Larry blamed Debbie for mothers death, San Francisco office submits synopsis of evidence against Layton to FBI-HQ, US Attorney in San Francisco wants to interview Layton in Guyana, US AG reluctant to seek extradition absent compelling convincing evidence, Justice considers whether Layton can be interviewed in Guyana without attorney, Meeting between Justice and State on Layton inconclusive, SF outlines evidence against Layton to pass along to AG, US will encourage Guyana to pursue charges against Layton in that country, Embassy reports results of conversation with Skip Roberts re: Layton confession, Guyana has change of heart, will likely prosecute Layton, US officials seek to encourage Jonestown survivors to testify against Layton, Embassy discusses Layton legal proceedings with GOG, Embassy has copy of Layton written confession, Request for Vern Gosney and Odell Rhodes to return to Guyana for Layton trial, Two Temple witnesses due to arrive for Layton trial, Second day of preliminary hearing feature Gosney and Rhodes testimony, Fourth day of preliminary hearing in Layton trial; Secret Service check, Efforts underway to persuade Dale Parks to return to Guyana for testimony, Third day of preliminary hearing features medical testimony, Report on three witnesses at Layton prosecution, Parks had requested FBI agent to accompany him, Background paper on Layton case to be prepared for media, Layton trial delayed due to witness unavailability, US to consult with GOG authorities in Layton trial, Embassy talks to Layton about treatment, conditions, Guyana indictment against Layton relates only to Gosney, Bagby shooting, Layton trial tentatively scheduled for April 1, Money placed in Layton account for expenses, Gosney willing to travel to Guyana with FBI agent accompaniment, FBI authorizes agent to travel with Gosney, Rhodes, Presence of Dale Parks not needed at Layton trial, Travel of FBI, witnesses to Guyana for Layton trial, Prosecutor will use only Gosney in Layton trial, Trial delayed until May 5, Layton to plead not guilty, Trial date delayed, request for agent to accompany witnesses to be renewed, FBI agent and US attorney will attend Layton trial, Guyana requests Gosney, not Rhodes, for Layton trial, Judge in Layton trial agrees that GOG has case against defendant, Day 3 of Layton trial features Gosney testimony, Judge in Layton trial allows confession into evidence, Day 7 of Layton trial features testimony of Guyanese officials, Day 8 of Layton trial features testimony of rural constable, Day 9 of Layton trial features testimony of Hardat Sukhdeo, Day 10 of Layton trial features testimony of three defense witnesses, Defense counsel makes closing arguments on Day 11 of Layton trial, Embassy promises info on possible Layton release, Complaint against Layton forwarded to embassy, State offers advice on handling money in Layton account, Layton expresses anxiety about resolution of case, San Francisco seeks status of Layton passport, Embassy visits Layton in prison, presses GOG on disposition of case, US Attorney seeks interviews with reporters at Port Kaituma airstrip, FBI considers request for agents to assist in Layton deportation, GOG will take no further action on Layton, FBI authorizes travel of agents to assist in Layton deportation, Layton will not receive passport from US, may need escort from Guyana, Trinidad government concerned about Layton layover, Trinidad govt to be notified of Layton transit through airport, Layton will travel to US with his attorney, Layton preparations to depart Guyana with FBI agents underway, Layton may be detained in Guyana until lawyer paid, Layton expelled from Guyana (erroneous report), PanAm reports someone wants to board plane to see Larry Layton, Layton did not depart Guyana, pending resolution of payment to lawyers, Status of Larry Layton (from San Francisco), Guyana court to consider merits of financial claim against Layton, Federal indictment of Layton made available, Hearing fails to conclude claims against Layton for fees, US Attorney to fly to Guyana to meet with Guyana counterpart, Embassy visits Layton in prison, prepares travel docs, US agencies discuss transporting of Layton from Guyana, Layton agrees that he owes Guyanese lawyer, Restraining order against Larry Layton dismissed in Guyana, Restriction on Layton leaving country is lifted, Guyana seeks expulsion at earliest possible date, Layton to be accompanied by marshals, but not in custody, US Marshals Service assumes responsibility in transporting Layton, Layton will not be in US Marshal custody on flight, Embassy stresses importance of not revealing Layton travel plans, Layton transfer for US prosecution delayed, Layton on board plane with three marshals, US Attorney office seeks contact with Hardat Sukhdeo, Layton trial date set, Guyana witnesses sought, Annotations to arrest form for Larry Layton, FBI says defense attorney made false, inaccurate and inflammatory statements re: tapes, Court order on physical evidence held in Guyana for use in Layton trial, Arrangements made to obtain physical evidence requested by FBI, Layton defense team seeks interview with Guyana witnesses, Layton attorney in US asks GOG for statements of witnesses, Layton attorney in US obtains docs from GOG, State tells Layton lawyer to make own arrangements for transporting docs, Statement of Larry Layton (Retransmittal of, Defense attorney seeks witness statements from Guyana, US Attorney subpoenas Ron Javers, Harold Cordell, State offers assistance to Layton defense, Guyana police suggests names of witnesses for US trial, US Attorney seeks clarification from Guyana response on several issues, Embassies in Georgetown, San Juan will work with FBI and GOG to provide witnesses, Listing of Guyanese witnesses in Layton trial, U.S. Embassy sends photos, transcripts to US for use in Layton trial, Layton trial delayed until August 14, 1981, FBI says no investigation of Layton before 11/18, DOJ providing security clearances for trial, Government rests case, defense expected to call 48 witnesses, Layton defense rests without calling witnesses, Layton defense declines to reconsider decision, Layton jury deadlocks, judge declares mistrial, Judge denies motion to dismiss indictment, Judge postpones date for motions in retrial, Judge denies government motions, will be appealed, Court of Appeals to hear arguments on evidence, Court of Appeals decision on evidence pending, Court of Appeals reverses trial judge, allows tapes, Appeals Court denies defense motion for en banc, Appeals court denies defense motion for stay pending SC appeal, New trial date set; request for prosecution to travel to Guyana, New prosecution team will handle Layton case, Prosecution seeks Layton medical records from Guyana, Appeals court hearing on governments motion to admit tape, Appeals court upholds decision to deny admission of death tape, New trial date set for September 18, 1986, US alerts Guyanese witnesses of schedule to testify, FBI requests additional money for expenses for witnesses, Detailed description of tapes to be used in trial, Accomplishment report on Layton conviction, U.S. rejects appeal; Privacy Exemption no longer needed. (AP Photo), Bodies lie about a building at the Peoples Temple Commune in Jonestown, Guyana, Nov. 18, 1978 after more than 400 people committed suicide in one of the decades worst tragedies. After watching his people die in agony, Jones took an easier route. People say, Why didnt anyone try to get away? If you had asked people, Do you want to die right now for Jim Jones? I guaran-fuckin-tee you wouldnt have had 918 dead., Prior to joining the Peoples Temple, Carter spent three years with the, , he went looking for one. (Photo: New York Times Co./Neal Boenzi/Getty Images), U.S. troops seal up shipping containers that hold the bodies of mass suicide victims from Jonestown, Nov. 23, 1977 at Georgetown, Guyana. I never even worked Temple security. Nonetheless, he knew his return would be unwelcome. Eventually, Gosneys health deteriorated, forcing him to reveal his HIV status to the department. Its been a lot of work, and I spent a lot of years being kind of out there and lost before I could find my way again. Also there was a strong feeling of community -- people of all races who really cared about each other.'. In a book written by his brother, Thomas, after Ryan's death, Larry is quoted as saying he believed in the goals of the community, even though life was not always Utopian. Anyone who has any dissenting opinion, please speak," Jones said. Aremembrance by Marianne Bachersappeared in the jonestown report followed his death in February 2016.). No matter, said Kohlit was something she simply had to do. I discovered that, like the nine people whose ashes sat forgotten in an abandoned building for more than three decades, many Jonestown survivors were also lost upon returning home. Carter claims that theSan Francisco Chronicleonce called him the Temples chief enforcer for the Bay Area, a description he disputes. By mid-January, he was also charged in absentiain U.S. federal court with violating the Congressional Assassination Statute. Leadership First 5,107,944 followers 2d . He sat on a bench, alone, his shoulders slumped. Parents sat with their small children in their laps; teens sought out friends. The third result is Larry Layton age 40s in Indio, CA in the Talavera neighborhood. Are you people gonna leave us I just beg you. They were probably funny but rebellious. Copyright 2023 United Press International, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Al Simon tried to lead his three young kids to the waiting dump truck, but Charles Garry stopped himhe couldn't just take the kids away from their mother. The government of Guyana forbade the burying of Jonestowns dead in the country, and Carter recalls how cemetery after cemetery in the U.S. also refused them. By then, Kohl had married and adopted a son, gone back to college, become a Quaker, and begun teaching in the San Diego public school system. Larry Layton Senior Director, Franchise Operations . "People play games, friend," Jones said. (Photo: David Hume Kennerly/Getty Images), Peoples Temple compound, mass suicide cult led by Jim Jones, after bodies were removed at Jonestown, Guyana in 1978. Larry Layton reposted this Report this post Report Report. Sadie reconnected with her family on the morning of November 19, 1978, the day after her sisterand Jones and hundreds of othershad died. I was disappointed when Robert Peckham, the very experienced and universally respected federal judge who had also presided over the first trial, felt compelled by the Courts of Appeals to allow the introduction of highly inflammatory evidence which he had barred from the earlier trial. TED Conferences 23,395,174 followers 3d "No one will ever pay you what you're worth. I think that people want to have a person or an image right in front of them that they can blame. Laurence (Larry) Layton was a member of Peoples Temple and Jonestown resident who participated in the attack at the Port Kaituma airstrip on November 18, 1978, that resulted in the deaths of Rep. Leo Ryan and four others. The two men appeared to shake hands under Layton's rain poncho. "Duck down!" Nurses tore open syringes and filled them with the deadly mixture. The journalists arrived from their Port Kaituma lodgings mid-morning, angry that the Temple dump truck was two hours late retrieving them. Jones then gave Layton permission to remarry a woman named Karen Tow. According toaudio recordings and documents compiled by Fielding McGehee III of the Jonestown Institute, Jones had developed a relationship with the Soviets, and even considered moving his group behind the Iron Curtain. Later, the Rev Jim Jones and 912 other people died in a bizarre suicide-massacre at the Jonestown commune a few miles away. Jim Jones. . His work has appeared in Foreign Policy, Vice, Slate, Quartz, The Telegraph, and NK News. It was described to me as a nervous breakdown.. While the colony treated Ryan to a musical reception, staged to put it in a good light, Vernon Gosney got the attention of a member of the congressmans entourage indicating that he and fellow Temple member Monica Bagby wanted to escape. He came to talk to me that night, and said that we had the first two seats on the plane leaving the next day. How very much I've tried my best to give you a good life." 2023 Alternative Considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple, Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple is a, Layton unnamed in first description of Kaituma shooting. He lives in New York City. He decided to head to Boise; hed grown up there, and his father was willing to take him in. There weren't enough seats to fly all 30 people out; some reporters would have to wait until the following day. St Petersburg, Florida, United States104 followers 103 connections. Thank god for tropical dampness, I guess., The police department didnt know quite what to make of me. There was no choice that day. 'I was a fool to leave California, but then I was a fool long before that,' he said. I was one of Larry's lead lawyers in his first U.S. trial in 1981, which resulted in an 11 to 1 vote for acquittal on faulty charges of conspiracy to kill the congressman. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as the U.S. representative from California's 11th congressional district from 1973 until his assassination during the Jonestown massacre in 1978. In reading it, I became curious about the35 people who managed to escape from Jonestown that day, and so I located a few of them throughthe Jonestown Institute at San Diego State University and got in touch, not knowing what to expect. I was certain of this at the time, and I remain certain of this now. It was just too painful to face myself, to face the loss of my son, my guilt, my remorse, the mistakes I had made. The day after that, she saw the apartment back on Craigslist., They were all just sort of grouped together as these crazy Jonestown people, but these were people, says Lela Howard. As the defectors loaded their gear onto the planes, they noticed Layton talking to a security guard. Though it called itself a church, Carter saw the temple as a kind of political movement. Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Layton himself was initially charged with murder, but the criminal trials he faced in the years that followed were for conspiracy to murder and for the wounding of two Jonestown defectors, Vernon Gosney and Monica Bagby.
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